a wheat field with different fertilising strategies.A second study captured several fields, including: A rape field was flown aimed at determining optimal harvesting time and crop yield estimates related to species and treatment. Test fields of the Agricultural Centre Liebegg (AG, Switzerland) with different crops were captured by the Canon S110 NIR and multiSPEC 4C. Table 1, Main features of the sensors in the tests. Table 1 provides details of the above-mentioned sensors. A zenith-looking panchromatic sensor enables the images to be normalised.

In contrast, the multiSPEC 4C has four lenses and four monochromatic CCD sensors the colour separation takes place at the optical units via band-pass interference filters with well-defined central frequencies and bandwidths (Figure 2). Just one lens is needed resulting in precisely co-registered spectral channels with overlapping spectral sensitivities (Figure 1). The Canon multispectral cameras are equipped with modified Bayer colour filters вЂ“ instead of recording blue, green and red, the green (G), red (R) and near infrared (NIR) bands are captured. The Canon S110 RGB is a low-cost colour camera, the Canon S110 NIR and S110 RE are low-cost multispectral cameras while the multiSPEC 4C is a high-end system. The eBee family is marketed in conjunction with customised sensors which can be controlled by the autopilot of the fixed-wing UAV. The lightweight fixed-wing eBee can be operated fully autonomously, requires hardly any piloting skills and is ideal for covering larger areas. This study tested the Canon S110 NIR and a prototype version of the multiSPEC 4C, both of which are multispectral cameras, as well as the thermoMAP, a TIR sensor. Focusing on precision farming, Airinov modifies Canon cameras into multispectral sensors and manufactures the multiSPEC 4C multispectral camera and the thermoMAP thermal infrared sensor. Based in Cheseaux-Lausanne, Switzerland, and founded in 2009, senseFly manufactures fixe-wing UAVs and equips them with customised lightweight cameras developed by Airinov, which is based in Paris, France. The multispectral cameras and thermal infrared (TIR) sensor in the authorsвЂ™ performance tests were mounted on an eBee from senseFly. (By Stephan Nebiker and Natalie Lack, Switzerland) Read more about theirВ capabilities for use in precision farming and heat mapping. Nowadays, however, lightweight multispectral and thermal sensors on small UAVs are commercially available. In contrast, multispectral and thermal sensors were until recently too heavy and bulky for small UAV platforms, even though their potential was demonstrated almost a decade ago. Mini and micro unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in combination with cost-efficient and lightweight RGB cameras have become a standard tool for photogrammetric tasks.

Multispec gal avalanche